Tablet disintegration and dissolution are critical processes that ensure the release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the body. Here’s a step-by-step explanation of how a tablet breaks down after swallowing:
Step 1: Swallowing and Esophageal Transit
1. The tablet is swallowed, and it passes through the esophagus into the stomach.
2. The tablet is exposed to stomach acid (pH 1.5-3.5) and digestive enzymes.
Step 2: Disintegration
1. The tablet’s coating (if present) begins to dissolve.
2. The tablet’s binding agents (e.g., starch, cellulose) start to break down.
3. The tablet begins to fragment into smaller particles.
Step 3: Dissolution
1. The fragmented particles dissolve, releasing the API.
2. The API dissolves in the stomach fluids (gastric juice).
3. The dissolved API is absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach lining.
Step 4: Gastric Emptying and Small Intestine Transit
1. The dissolved API is carried into the small intestine.
2. The API is absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining.
3. The API is distributed to the target site(s) in the body.
Factors Influencing Tablet Breakdown
1. Tablet formulation (e.g., excipients, binding agents).
2. Coating (e.g., enteric, delayed-release).
3. Particle size and shape.
4. Stomach pH and digestive enzymes.
5. Gastric emptying time.
Types of Tablet Disintegration
1. Immediate Release (IR): Rapid disintegration and dissolution.
2. Sustained Release (SR): Gradual disintegration and dissolution.
3. Delayed Release (DR): Disintegration delayed until reaching a specific pH or location.
4. Extended Release (ER): Prolonged disintegration and dissolution.
Understanding tablet breakdown is crucial for ensuring the efficacy and safety of oral medications.
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